Cow-Calf Corner: Paralyzed cattle markets undervalue calves; The impact of dressing percent on cow cull marketing

Oct. 24, 2016
Paralyzed cattle markets undervalue calves
by Derrell S. Peel, Oklahoma State University Extension livestock marketing specialist
Feeder cattle prices to a large degree reflect feedlot choices as they evaluate the tradeoffs between purchasing lighter or heavier feeder cattle. When feeder cattle markets are in balance, prices for lighter weight feeder cattle adjust to account for the cost of gain to put the additional weight on those cattle such that feedlots are relatively indifferent to buying feeder cattle of various weights. This is what we observe on average most of the time. Sometimes, anomalies will develop in feeder markets which create different incentives for producers.
Such is the case this fall. For example, steers with an average weight of 826 pounds (medium/large no. 1 at the seven federally reported auctions in Oklahoma) had an average price of $121.59/cwt. last week (Oct. 21, 2016). Given that price, and assuming that feedlot cost of gain is $0.70/pound, feedlots could pay as much as $141/cwt. for a 600 pound steer. However, the average price for 600 pound steers last week in Oklahoma was $119.78/cwt. In fact, the price of 550-600 pound steers was less per pound than all heavier animals up to 850 pounds. There was less than $2/cwt. difference in prices for steers from 600 to 850 pounds. It is very clear that feedlots are placing a large risk premium against lighter feeder cattle.
It could be that feedlots simply don’t want lighter weight cattle because there is an ample supply of heavy feeder, which they often prefer to feed. However, the year over year decrease in September feedlot placements and the fact that feedlot inventories are barely one percent above last year despite the fact that there lots more feeder cattle would suggest that feedlots are not attempting to grow feedlot numbers very fast.
It will be pointed out that feedlots are losing money and so clearly cannot to pay the full potential price for lighter feeder cattle. However, this analysis is based on what they are paying for heavy feeder cattle when there are lighter weight cattle that are a relative bargain. The bigger problem, it seems, is that feedlots, like everyone else, are gripped by fear of the future. Feedlots appear to be operating very hand to mouth favoring heavy feeders that will finish sooner rather than later. Weak and volatile futures have significantly contributed to this environment.
The point of this is not to second guess feedlot decisions but rather to look at how cow-calf and stocker producers can react to the price signals in the feeder market today. The almost equal prices for cattle from 550 to 850 pounds translate into a value of gain that is almost equal to the price of cattle. In short, the market is encouraging cattle to stay in the country and come to the feedlots later rather than sooner. That creates stocker opportunities. Calf and stocker prices this fall have been sharply undervalued relative to heavy feeder cattle because stocker demand has not yet kicked in to replace weak feedlot demand for these lighter cattle.
It seems that stocker producers (and their lenders) in many cases are gripped by the same fear that is affecting the rest of the industry. Stocker producers who find that Feeder futures offer little to help in managing the obvious risk in this market may want to consider one of the oldest tried and true methods of risk management in cattle markets: buy and sell on the same market. Many producers have taken a financial hit the past 15 months or so and are upside-down financially on cattle right now. The history of the cattle industry has been that many successful producers recognize that today’s lousy selling price is a buying opportunity. For cow-calf producers with calves to sell, the same signals suggest that retaining calves for stocker or backgrounding should be evaluated. Certainly, pushing lots of calves into a yearling market next year has risks and means that conditions have to be monitored carefully going forward but the big market signal is clear: there is a need to slow cattle down and spread them out over time and that provides opportunities in the country. 
The impact of dressing percent on cull cow marketing
by Glenn Selk, Oklahoma State University Emeritus Extension animal scientist
Last week’s Cow-Calf Corner newsletter discussed cull cow grades. Remember cull cows that are destined to go to the packing house are graded by their fleshiness. The fattest cows are called Breakers. Moderately fleshed cows are Boners. Thin cows are called Leans or Lights, depending upon the weight of the cow. Most years there will be price differences among these four grades. This fall, the price differences between grades (of average dressing percentage cows) seems to be narrowed.
However, within each grade, large variation in prices per hundredweight will exist because of differences in dressing percentage. Cow buyers are particularly aware of the proportion of the purchased live weight that eventually becomes saleable product hanging on the rail. Dressing percentage is (mathematically) the carcass weight divided by the live weight multiplied by 100.
Key factors that affect dressing percentage include gut fill, udder size, mud and manure on the hide, excess leather on the body, and anything else that contributes to the live weight but will not add to the carcass weight. Most USDA Market News reports for cull cows will give price ranges for High, Average, and Low Dressing Percents for each of the previous mentioned grades. As you study these price reports, note that the differences between High and Low Dressing cows and bulls will generally be greater than differences between grades. Many reports will indicate that Low Dressing cows will be discounted up to $10 to $14 per hundredweight compared to High Dressing cows and will be discounted $4 to $10 per hundredweight compared to Average Dressing cows. These price differences are usually widest for the moderate to thin cow grades (Boners, Leans and Lights). See examples from last week’s sale in Oklahoma City National Stockyards: http://www.ams.usda.gov/mnreports/ko_ls151.txt
As producers market cull cows and bulls, they should be cautious about selling cattle with excess fill. The large discounts due to low dressing percent often will more than offset any advantage from the added weight.
Cow-Calf Corner is a weekly electronic newsletter by the Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Agency.